Grants from External Funding Sources 2008.  Big Sur land Trust.  $31,506.  Assessing the influence of cattle grazing on vegetation at Palo Corona Regional Park.  PI: J. H. Cushman.  2006-09.  The Nature Conservancy.  $141,786.  Evaluating the impact of cattle grazing on the endangered Smith’s blue butterfly and its host plant and habitat (PI: J. H. Cushman).  2006-07.  USDA Forest Service.  $98,448.  Long-term study of disease dynamics and forest impacts caused by Phytophthora ramorumin northern California (PIs: J. H. Cushman, N. E. Rank, and R. K. Meentemeyer).  2006-08. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Habitat Restoration Program (HRP).  $212,789.  Developing tools to promote the recovery of five federally listed vernal pool grasses (PIs: H. G. Davis, C. M. Sloop and J. H. Cushman).  2006-08.  Sustainable Agriculture and Research (SARE).  $9,680.  Sheep grazing as a tool for vernal pool stewardship (PI: Joan Schwan; co-PI/sponsor: J. H. Cushman).  2005-07.  USDA Forest Service.  $57,660.  Determination of the incidence and impacts of Phytophthora ramorum in coastal forests of California.  PI: R. Meentemeyer, co-PIs: D. Rizzo, J. H. Cushman and T. Swiecki). 2004-06. U.S. Forest Service. $147,156. Vertebrates as dispersal agents of Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death (PI: J. H. Cushman; co-PI: R. Meentemeyer). 2003-2005. California Department of Forestry. $156,448. Influence of land-use history and vertebrates on the occurrence and spread of Phytophthora ramorum (PI: J. H. Cushman; co-PI: R. Meentemeyer). 2002-06. National Science Foundation. $810,656 (DBI-0217064). Spatial modeling of a biological invasion: the spread of Sudden Oak Death and the importance of host genetics, environmental forcings, and community structure (PI: R. Meentemeyer; co-PIs: J. H. Cushman, N. E. Rank, D. Rizzo and R. Whitkus). 2000-05. National Science Foundation. $312,000 (DEB-9981663). Mammalian herbivores as consumers and fertilizers: consequences for community structure and ecosystem dynamics (PI: J. H. Cushman). 2000-03. California Department of Fish and Game. $175,156. Science-based management of non-native species: quantifying the effects of feral pigs on California grasslands (PI: J. H. Cushman). 2000-01. Environmental Defense Fund. $14,875. Science-based management of invasive species: exploring the effects of feral pigs on California grasslands (PI: J. H. Cushman). 1999-00. National Science Foundation. $70,000 (DUE-9950874). A comprehensive introductory biology curriculum centered around student participation in research experiences (PI: D. J. Girman; co-PIs: N. E. Rank, J. H. Cushman and J. A. Sakanari). 1999-00. Sonoma County Water Agency. $58,000. Invasive plant species in the Russian River: influence on native biota and control methods for restoration (PIs: J. H. Cushman and K. A. Gaffney). 1994-00. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service. $35,000. Monitoring of the Mission blue butterfly on the Marin Headlands, California (PIs: V. K. Rashbrook and J. H. Cushman). 1998-99. Sonoma County Water Agency. $39,650. Arundo donax in the Russian River: extent of the invasion, ecological impacts, and effective control methods (PIs: J. H. Cushman and K. A. Gaffney). 1996-97. National Geographic Society. $12,190. Mammalian herbivores as mediators of coastal plant communities and ecosystems (PI: J. H. Cushman). 1995-97. Department of Parks and Recreation (State of California). $22,572. Influence of feral pigs on the coastal plant communities of Salt Point State Park (PI: J. H. Cushman). 1990-92. Australian Research Council. $24,549. Experimental analysis of an obligate and species-specific mutualism (PI: J. H. Cushman; co-PI: A. J. Beattie). 1988-89. National Science Foundation. $7,388 (DIG-8815544). Intraspecific competition for mutualists: conditional interactions in a membracid-ant association (PI: J. H. Cushman; co-PI: T. G. Whitham).