Fall, 2004 STUDY GUIDE, FINAL EXAM Wednesday, December 15, 5 to 6:50 p.m.
The final exam will be comprehensive, but emphasizing the human and cultural aspects of California of the last part of the semester, on a background of the natural environment. The questions will be general, and will emphasize synthesis of the concepts covered. The exam will consist of ten short answer questions, five map questions on human/urban topics (using physical map like on for map quiz), and one short essay. This test is worth 25% of your grade.
How to succeed: review Chapters 6, Water Resources, through 11, Urban Landscapes, in Selby. Review your lecture notes for the entire semester and review the Outline of Topics for the first half of the semester. Study with classmates, asking each other questions on the material and discussing answers. Study the sample exam questions and practice writing answers to similar questions.
Topics and Concepts California's earliest inhabitants
Late Pleistocene-early Holocene migration -- ca. 12,000 years ago over Bering land bridge? or along the coast? by sea?
Hunters of Megafauna (mammoth, horse, camel, muskox, bison, ground sloth)
Clovis people -- characteristic tools, spears for large animal huntingCalifornia Native Americans before whites arrived
Great diversity of languages -- reasons for
Great number of triblets, small territories
Peaceful, territorial
Dense population -- approx. 300,000 by ~1700s, healthy
Variety of foods -- types
hunter-gatherers
Why no agriculture?
Materials for: Clothing, houses, boats, baskets
Differences between Northwest tribes (e.g. Klamaths), Central triblets
Eastern and Desert tribes (e.g. Paiute, Colorado R. peoples)
European attitudes toward California indiansSpanish and Mexican Period
Spanish exploration, difficulties with coastal and overland routes
Reasons for Spanish colonization of Alta California
Components of Colonies--Presidio, Mission, Pueblo
Locations of first Spanish settlements, Missions in California
Transportation, communication with Mexico, Spain, trade routes
Relationships with California Indians, population decline, disease, runaways
Mission economy, agriculture
Trade with foreigners, hide and tallow trade
Spanish and Mexican land grants, diseños
Russian and American presence in Mexican CaliforniaPopulations, Non-Native, post-Mexican era
Where did emigrants come from?
Chinese, Irish, Germans, Mexicans, Japanese, English, Eastern & Midwestern Americans
Phobia of non-European Americans in California -- economic, political scapegoats
Exploitation of non-European Americans as laborers
Early 21st Century -- greater than 50% "minority" population, Hispanics, Asians
Why have people come? land of opportunity
Gold rush, escape from Depression, Dust Bowl, Defense industry, High tech industry, Hollywood, Agriculture (migrant laborers)Forestry, Agriculture, Water Resources
Forestry
Economics, environmental issues
Provided lumber for rapid urban expansion
Economy of northern counties based on lumbering, mills (also marijuana)
~ 2 billion board feet produced every year, more than $260 million/year
Where have the lumber mill jobs gone?
Changes with mechanization
Changing attitudes toward natural resources
Tree mining, clear cutting, destruction of streams, fish habitat, monocropping
Only 4.5% of old growth coast redwood forests left as of today
Need for conservation, but also good forest practices to protect from fireAgriculture
3% of nation's farmland, >50% of nation's fresh vegetables & fruits
> $30.6 billion per year industry, $7 billion in exports
Highly diverse crops, many intensive, profitable
(See table, p. 316 of Selby): Which products are highest in production? Which Counties most productive?
Fruits and nuts, field crops, vegetables, livestock & poultry, milk, eggs, etc.
Irrigation agriculture -- essential to most agriculture in California
Advantages: variety of soils, long growing season
Urban sprawl taking over ag lands
Labor supply -- migrant workers, United Farm Workers union, Caesar Chavez
Development of transportation -- refrigerated shipping, railroads, trucking
Growers cooperatives (e.g. olives, almonds, raisins, oranges, etc.)Water Resources
Influence of Climate -- water at wrong time of year for growing
Surplus in winter, deficit in summer
Influence of Geography -- water surplus in Northwest CA, deficit in South
Droughts and floods
text maps -- soil-water balance, streamflow, storage in lakes, reservoirs
Hydrologic balance, developed water
North Coast -- Klamath, Eel River, Russian River
Central Valley -- Sacramento River, Pitt, Feather, American, San Joaquin River, Kings, Merced, Tuolomne
Sacramento Delta, role in filtering pollutants before reaching SF Bay
Groundwater, fossil water, recharge, salt water intrusion, subsidence
Owens Valley, :Long Valley, Mono basin story -- diversion to City of Los Angeles
Hetch Hetchy Valley -- S.F. water supply
Imperial Canal, All American Canal -- Colorado River water
Central Valley Project -- 1933 -- Federal project, Bureau of Reclamation
Era of large dam construction -- Shasta, Trinity, Folsom, etc.
Canals for irrigation water, Sacramento Valley, Delta, San Joaquin Valley, Friant-Kern Canal, Mendota Canal
Pumping stations -- water pumped uphill to Santa Clara Valley, southern San Joaquin Valley, L.A.
Subsidized irrigation water, especially for large agribusiness
160 acre limit for federal water ignored
Hydroelectric power for PG&E (subsidized electricity)
Purpose of Dams --Storage of snowmelt, runoff, for summer irrigation, Flood control, Electricity -- hydroelectric power, Recreation
Positive and negative results
State Water Project -- 1960s -- State funded
Water for Southern California, western San Joaquin Valley
Oroville Dam, Delta pumping plants, California Aqueduct
Delta -- Problems resulting from ag pollutants, low flow, flooding, salt water intrusion, levee failure, decimation of fish populations, loss of wetlands
Water users: agriculture, domestic, industrial, environmental
Possible effects of global warming -- rise in snow level, sea level rise, less water storage for summer, greater evaporation in summer (hotter), increased weather variability
Water Quality -- ag and urban pollutants, waste water dumping
Water Conservation -- both ag and domestic, need to educate publicUrban Economics, Industries
Defense Industry -- Military installations, Aerospace
Why so prevalent in California? Big business since WW II.
Role of climate, aircraft, oil, auto & tire industries already in place
Great expansion of military bases during WW II, and cold war
Massive employment -- increased from 20,000 before war to 280,000 in 1944
California dominated Industry -- Douglas, Lockheed, North American
Engineering & Scientific support -- Cal Tech, Stanford, Berkeley research labs
By '60s, Calif. won 50% of US defense research contracts, 25% of US total defense budget
By Reagan's '80s, Star Wars -- 20% of Defense spending; 30% of NASA and DOE expenditures --Aerospace
'90s, end of cold war, base closures, defense cuts hit Calif hard
1994 -- state lost 550,000 jobs, especially in defense, aerospace, electronics
Many jobs transferred to High TechHigh Tech
Where: Silicon Valley -- Santa Clara Valley, Sunnyvale, San Jose, also L.A., spreading into East Bay, Sonoma County
Inventions: transistors, microchips, personal computers, software, internet, web
Caused Calif economy to soar in mid-late '90s
Related industries: biotech, genetic modification of plants, pharmaceuticals
Rapid obsolescence, volatile market, unstable job market
Many highly trained Asians brought to California on special visas,
Much of manufacturing industry now moved abroad, Asia, Mexico, Central AmericaCauses of deeper recession in California in 1990s
End of Cold War, stockmarket drop, loss of defense contracts and base closures, stagnation of computer development, several natural disasters led to loss in tourism, exodus of business to cheaper states, decline of higher education system due to cuts in state fundingEarly 2000: Recession again. Mismanagement and fraud creating energy crisis, overinflated tech stocks, loss of tourism, record high cost of living, deflation, unemployment higher, now beginning to turn around, but was again deeper in California than other regions of US
Education
UC and CSU University systems, once best in country
Loss of funding beginning with Prop 13 in early 1980s, progressive underfunding
Progressive underfunding also of K-12 system, near bottom of state rankings in US based on per student spending
Increasing enrollment from children of baby boomers, high immigrant births
Decreased funding during 1990s recession, not caught up during mid-90s boom, now big cuts to Higher Education
Affirmative action considerations ceased in college entrance, minority enrollments crashed
2002-2003 State required 5 to 15% budget cuts from already reduced funding of CSU; CSU has been cut another $125 million for Fall 2003.
This has lead to 30% increase in fees, fewer instructors hired, fewer but larger classes, fewer staff, decreased services to students, and no new or transfer students admitted for Spring 2004.Other Important Economic Industries and Resources included in Urban Development, below
Manufacuturing, Garment Industry, Real Estate, Construction, Hollywood, Entertainment Industries, Television, Tourism, Disneyland, Sports Industries, Outdoor Recreation, Fast Food, etc.
Urban Landscapes
Factors to consider with each city: Site & Situation, Infrastructure, Economics, Population, Density & Diversity
Major characteristics of California cities: Freeways, malls & strip malls, fast food joints, urban sprawl, drive-in everything!
Effects of love affair with our cars on landscape
Modern economies: trend toward services, less manufacturing, more finance, insurance, banking, high tech, inflated real estateSan Francisco Bay Area
S.F. Major tourist destination, Cultured, diverse, now stratified, two-tier economy extreme, high cost of living, many wealthy Euroamericans and Asian Americans, gentrification of warehouse districts, many homeless, unique districts, e.g. Castro District, national draw for gays & lesbians, famous Haight-Ashbury for hippies, etc.
Oakland-- downtown renewal, gentrification of west Oakland, still high black population, East Oakland has many recent immigrants, lower income, mix of black, Vietnamese, Filipino, Latino
Contra Costa -- newer center of service industries, high tech, money, middle class white, expensive, new urban sprawl onto ag lands as far as Altamont Pass
San Jose - Silicon Valley -- high tech, expensive housing, both rich and poor, high Latino population on east side, high Asian population, urban sprawl spreading south along Hwy 101 corridor to Morgan Hill, Salinas, even over the hills East to Los Banos
Marin static population, Sonoma County expansion - Telecom Valley, Agilent, Biotech, (is this still viable?) Wine Industry, (overstocked?), tourism.
Sacramento - seat of state government, large service center for agriculture, expanding into Sierra foothills, new mecca for retirees.
Central Valley -- Redding to Stockton, Modesto, Merced, Bakersfield, agricultural service centers, expanding into ag industries, high tech
Southern California --
Los Angeles region
Rapid population growth, especially Pacific Rim emigrants, Latinos
melting pot or mixed salad? -- > 60% non-Anglo
de facto segregation -- ghettos, enclaves, schools, racial unrest, riots in 1990s
Freeways, fast food, shopping malls, extreme urban sprawl, real estate speculation, everyone with their single family home
Defense industries, aerospace, Hollywood, Entertainment (Disneyland, etc.) financial center of State, cultural and creative industries
San Diego -- second largest city, third largest urban center in State
Naval base, tourist attractions, two large universities, research
Growth since NAFTA -- maquiladoras along border, in Tiajuana, farther south
Has been major crossing point for illegal immigrants from Mexico, Central America, and elsewhere
With INS crackdown, now shifted East into desert
Where are all of the urban populations expanding to, out of city centers?
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