|
Natural Community Impacted |
Species Affected |
Current Numbers |
State, Federal Status |
Reasons Cited for Decline |
Current Preservation Activity |
What the State Thinks Would Help |
Species Trend |
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| ||||||||||||||
|
large waterbodies, mountainous areas, coastal wetlands, rangeland |
Bald eagle |
pairs: 1981:50 1992:99 |
S:E 1971 F:E 1967 |
dev., ag., pest., human dist., timber h., ORV, shooting |
multi-agency Cal. Bald Eagle Working Team; breeding territ. protection; monitoring, pub. educ., research; breeding assistance; captive breeding at SF Zoo |
|
Stable/increasing (40-41) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
old-growth forest |
Northern spotted owl |
|
F:T 1990 |
timber harvesting |
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
coastal, inland marshes, swamps |
California black rail |
unknown |
S:T 1971 F:C1 |
Devel., agric., flood control |
no active mgt. |
Protection and restoration of marshes, management plan, studies, surveys.
|
Declining (43) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
same |
California Clapper rail |
less than 1000 individuals |
S:E 1971 F:E 1970 |
devel., agric., pestic., intro'd cordgrass, red fox, sewage effluent, urban runoff, industrial discharge; flood control |
habitat protection, restoration, monitoring, red fox control, "Recovery Team" |
Marsh restoration, studies, regular fox control recc'd, possibly captive breeding |
Stable/declining (43-44) |
|
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|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
nest on high ledges; varied range |
American peregrine falcon |
pairs-1975:10; 1992:113 |
S:E 1971 F:E 1970 |
DDT |
surveillance, habitat protection, acquisition, enhancement, egg sampling, development proposals review, working team, captive hatching, DDT ban |
|
Stable/increasing (42-43) |
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
riparian forest |
Western yellow-billed cuckoo |
pairs: statewide, 1977:122-163; 1986: 31-42. One pair left in county; missing from Laguna since 1950s |
S:E 1987 F:3b |
water projects, flood control, devel., agric., poisons, pesticides, contaminants, livestock grazing, ORVs |
Kern River preserve, Owens Valley plan, restoration.
|
Fed. listing reccomended. Protection, restoration of riparian forest, woodland; no-pesticide zones; water agency cooperation, vegetation removal and grazing controls, surveys.
|
Stable/declining (50-51) |
|
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|
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| ||||||||||||||
|
vertical river banks |
Bank swallow |
colonies: 1987: 111 pairs--7,525 in Sacramento River (best remaining habitat in state) |
S:T 1989
|
Channelization, rip-rapping of riverbanks. Virtually all waterways channelized for flood control in southern half of state, eliminating 50% of population |
System of habitat reserves, preservation of natural riverbank |
|
Declining (54-55) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
Salt marshes around Suisun, San Pablo, and San Francisco bays, including marsh preserve outside Petaluma |
Salt-marsh harvest mouse |
985 habitat lost in last two decades |
S:E 1971 F:E 1970 |
bay filling and discing -- devel., agric., intro'd plants, flood control possibly intro'd animals, pesticides, mosquito abatement, sewage plant discharge, pollution |
Habitat preserves, surveys, law enforcement, recovery team. Poss. inclusion in multi-species bay marsh recovery plan, |
More marsh habitat protection; law enforcement, surveys.
|
Declining (27) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
low-gradient streams in Marin, Sonoma, and Napa counties |
California freshwater shrimp |
populations in 15 streams |
S:E 1980 F:E 1988 |
loss of streamway, small dam construction, stream alteration, channelization, flood and erosion controls, intro'd predators, pollution, soil erosion, cattle grazing, removal of riparian vegetation |
study underway |
|
Most populations declining (83) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
serpentine soil in chaparral near Occidental in Sonoma County |
Baker's manzanita |
populations: 11 known |
S:R 1979 F:C2 |
res. devel,. grazing, agric. conversion, ORVs, dumping, intro'd species, fire suppression, hybridization |
voluntary protection on one private site; two populations in preserves; preserve plans |
|
Declining (89) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
serpentine chaparral near Occidental in Sonoma County |
Pennel's bird's-beak |
five populations |
S:R 1978 F:C1 |
illegal dumping, ORVs, residential development threaten |
voluntary protection on one private site; one partially in preserve; managment plan exists |
|
Declined; may be stabilizing (117) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
acid marine deposits in west county known as "Sonoma Barren" |
Vine Hill manzanita |
one population remaining |
S:E 1981 F:C1 |
Agricul., res. devel., roadside weed abatement |
remainder in preserve |
Suitable habitat acquisition.
|
Declining to extinction (89) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
blue oak woodland and grassland on rocky clay soil in Napa and Sonoma counties |
Clara Hunt's milk vetch |
four populations of several hundred individuals |
S:T 1990 F:C1 |
urbanization, viticulture, dumping, human intrusion |
site restoration |
Managemant plan. Annual plant.
|
Declining (93-94) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
seasonal wetlands in Santa Rosa Plains and Sonoma Valley |
Sonoma sunshine |
30 percent eliminated; 50-70% in danger of development |
S:E 1991 F:E 1991 |
urbanization, habitat destruction, agric. conversion, wastewater effluent irrigation |
Vernal Pool Task Force; plan developed in 1990; studies; no program implementation as yet; some in state's Laguna preserve |
Protective action, regional conservation plan for vernal pool species. |
Declining (97-98) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
adjacent to freshwater marshes and creeks in Sonoma County |
White sedge |
one of five known populations remains |
S:E 1979 F:C1 |
habitat conversion, development and drainange alteration threaten |
on private land; no protection |
Federal protection recommended. Protection of habitat, drainange patterns.
|
Continued decline (102) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
west Sonoma County marshland |
Pitkin Marsh Indian paintbrush |
single plant remains since late 1970s |
S:E 1978 F:C1 |
drainage alteration, grazing, land-clearing |
Lab propagation and hybridization efforts. Private landowner has allowed no further monitoring; last plant may be gone |
Drainange pattern protection and cutback of other plants needed.
|
Continued declining (105) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
Natural Community Impacted |
Species Affected |
Current Numbers |
Status |
Reasons Cited for Decline |
Current Preservation Activity |
What the State Thinks Would Help |
Species Trend |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
sandy Blucher loam soil in west Sonoma County only |
Vine Hill clarkia |
one native population on private land; transplanted population in preserve |
S:E 1978 F:C1 |
originally only two known groupings; one extirpated |
voluntary protection by private landowners |
|
Decline because of low numbers (113)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
steep, rocky outcrops on coast in sage scrub plant community |
Yellow larkspur |
fewer than 12 original, est. two remain near Bodega Bay |
S:R 1979 F:C1 |
cattle grazing, residential development |
no protective measures |
Protection. May now merit endangered status. |
Declining (120)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
Big Sulfur Creek drainage, on acid, hot soil in Sonoma County's Geysers only |
Geyser's panicum |
Seven populations known |
S:E 1978 F:C2 |
geothermal power development, road construction, soil temperature increasing |
cooperative efforts in Little Geysers Natural Area; monitoring |
|
Trend unknown (120) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
seasonal pools and moist shallows in Santa Rosa Plains, some sites in Lake County |
Burke's goldfields |
number of populations small but unknown |
S:E 1979 F:E 1991 |
urbanization, row crop conversion, hwy. widening, effluent irrigation, overgrazing |
Cooperative efforts with airport mgt., county planners, SSU, seed storage. Vernal Pools Task Force. Some on Todd Road eco preserve; some transferred as mitigation |
Many developments recently approved which impact pool species. Regional conservation of vernal pools.
|
Drastic decline (140) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
Alongside freshwater marshes in portion of west Sonoma County only |
Pitkin Marsh lily |
three originally known; two populations remain |
S:E 1978 F:C1 |
land clearing and draining, cattle grazing, bulb collection, intro'd plants |
cooperation of private landowners, protective measures, plant tissue storage |
|
Stablizing (142-43)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
seasonal pools and depressions primarily near Laguna |
Sebastopol meadowfoam |
most within five miles of Santa Rosa |
S:E 1979 F:E 1991 |
development, drainage pattern alteration, effluent irrigation, overgrazing, ORVs. Imminent urbanization threatens. |
CalTrans, US Army, City of Santa Rosa, state and private landowners -- transplanting, seed storage. Transfer as mitigation. Preservation program proposed, not yet implemented. Some on preserve. |
Several populations on land zoned for development. Regional conservation of vernal pools. |
Declining (145)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
seasonal pools in volcanic ash soil in Lake and Sonoma County only |
Many-flowered navarretia |
Two known sites in Sonoma County, status of one unknown |
S:E 1979 F:C1 |
trampling, grazing, ORVs |
Lake County nature walk preserve, anothoer fenced. Sonoma County program proposed |
Regional conservation of vernal pools.
|
Stabilized in Lake County (152)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
moist places in north coast forest in Marin, Sonoma and Mendocino counties only |
North coast semaphore grass |
about 12 known occurences, many not seen recently. |
S:R 1979 F:C2 |
road maintenance and herbicide spraying, land conversion, drainage alteration, possible insect predation |
One pop. in Laguna preserve |
Need field surveys.
|
Declining (160)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
Kenwood Marsh and Knights Valley in Sonoma County only |
Kenwood Marsh checkerbloom |
Two sites known, both on private land |
S:E 1982 F:C1 |
land conversion for agric. and devel., drainage alteration, cattle grazing
|
Field surveys. |
No protections. Conservation easement called for.
|
Declining (167)
|
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| ||||||||||||||
|
|
APPENDIX B: Sonoma County Waterbody Ratings and Characteristics |
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| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
waterbody |
size |
rating
|
sources, characteristics of water quality problems |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
streamways |
total miles |
good |
intermediate |
impaired |
unknown |
sedimentation from logging or urban/agri. discharges |
low dissolved oxy., high ammonia from agri. ops. |
high bacteria counts |
other: high nutrient levels, urban runoff, water diversion |
pollution abated |
pollution remains despite best treatment/ controls |
pollution is both toxic and non-toxic, from non-point sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Americano |
7 |
|
|
7 |
|
Heavy grazing, numerous confined animal waste problems impair fish, other wildlife habitat. |
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
| |||||||||||
|
|
Atascadero |
7 |
|
7 |
|
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Barlow |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Recent industrial discharge abated. |
|
|
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Big Sulfur |
18 |
18 |
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Bohemian |
1 |
|
1 |
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| ||||||||
|
|
Buckeye |
15 |
|
15 |
|
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| ||||||||
|
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Colgan |
5 |
|
5 |
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Dry Creek |
28 |
12 |
|
|
16 |
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| ||||||||
|
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Dutch Bill |
8 |
|
8 |
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| ||||||||
|
|
Fuller |
9 |
|
9 |
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Green Valley |
5 |
|
5 |
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Gualala River |
35 |
|
35 |
|
|
Domestic water supplies for Gualala, Sea Ranch threatened. Steelhead pop. decline. |
|
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Laguna d. S.R. |
26 |
|
|
26 |
|
|
Surface water affected. Fish, other wildlife habitat impaired. Pollution could affect municipal water supplies at confluence of Laguna, Russian River, via Mark West Creek. |
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
|
Mark West |
18 |
|
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| ||||||||
|
|
Piner |
4 |
1 |
3 |
|
|
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|
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|
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|
| ||||||||
|
|
Rockpile |
25 |
|
25 |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Roseland |
5 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Russian River |
105 |
105 |
|
|
|
Municipal and domestic supplies, recreational uses and fish and wildlife habitat threatened by municipal, agricultural and industrial discharges, road and building construction, and urban activities. |
|
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
|
Salmon Cr. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Santa Rosa Cr. |
16 |
5 |
11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Stemple |
17 |
|
|
17 |
|
Extensive grazing has impacted water quality. Fish, other wildlife habitat impaired.
|
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Windsor |
10 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Adobe |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Arroyo Seco |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Calabaz |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Carriger |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Fowler |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Nathansen |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Petaluma River |
25 |
|
5 |
20 |
|
Eutrophication, sedimentation. Fish, other wildlife habitat degraded. |
|
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Sonoma Creek |
23 |
|
9 |
14 |
|
Eutrophication. |
|
Bacterial standards exceeded. |
|
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Yulupa |
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
|
Large surface water bodies |
total acreage |
good |
intermediate |
impaired |
unkn.own |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Bodega Harbor |
|
340 |
|
|
340 |
Non-point runoff, spills, fishing industry discharges affect harbor water quality. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Bodega Wetland |
416 |
416 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Bodega Bay |
5000 |
5000 |
|
|
|
Pollution from Americano, Stemple, and Chaney Gulch creeks threatens commercial, recreational uses and habitat. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
|
Pet. R. Marsh |
3800 |
|
|
|
3800 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
San Pablo Bay |
71300 |
|
|
71300 |
|
|
|
|
Fish population decline. Elevated fish and shellfish tissue contaminant levels. |
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||
|
|
Lake Ralphine |
26 |
26 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Lake Sonoma |
3600 |
3600 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Spring Lake |
154 |
|
|
|
154 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
R.R. Estuary |
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
Threat of fish population decline; threat of more sedimentation. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
R.R. Delta |
100 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Gualala R. Delta |
20 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Salmon Cr. Lag. |
40 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Laguna Wetland |
|
|
|
|
all |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Estero Americano |
692 |
322 |
|
370 |
|
Heavy grazing, numerous confined animal waste disposal probs. impair fish, other wildlife habitat. |
|
|
|
EPA listed. |
EPA listed. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||
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|
|
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|
|
water body |
size |
rating |
sources, characteristics of water quality problems
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
Groundwater |
total square miles |
good |
intermediate |
impaired |
unkn.own |
gasoline, diesel from leaking underground tanks/fuel releases |
solvent from industrial practices |
nitrates from high-density agriculture |
metals |
briney wastes |
waste oil |
wood treatment chemicals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Alexander Valley |
23 |
22 |
|
1 |
|
Domestic wells contaminated; potential municipal supplies threatened. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Annapolis |
10 |
9 |
|
1 |
|
Wells threatened. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Bodega Bay |
5 |
4 |
|
1 |
|
Contaminated groundwater threatens drinking supply. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Cloverdale |
9 |
8 |
|
1 |
|
Domestic wells contaminated; potential municipal supplies threatened. |
|
Contamination and threat. |
|
Contamination and threat.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
|
Gualala |
5 |
4 |
|
1 |
|
Wells contaminated. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Healdsburg |
27 |
26 |
|
1 |
|
Domestic wells contaminated; potential municipal supplies threatened. |
|
|
|
Contamination and threat. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Lower Russian R. |
9 |
8 |
|
1 |
|
Domestic wells contaminated; pot. municipal supplies threatened. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
Santa Rosa Plain |
96 |
91 |
|
5 |
|
Municipal and domestic supply wells for Santa Rosa, Sebastopol, and Rohnert Park contaminated. Fuel in shallow groundwater; solvents in shallow and deep aquifiers. Failing septic tanks contributing. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||
|
|
Windsor |
2 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
Domestic wells contaminated; potential municipal suppy threatened. |
|
Chromium related to wood treatment. |
|
Contamination and threat. |
(See metals.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Petaluma Valley |
41 |
41 |
|
|
|
Toxics contaminate domestic drinking water, threaten more |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
Sonoma Valley |
50 |
|
|
|
50 |
Toxics contaminate domestic drinking water, threaten more |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| ||||||||||
APPENDIX C: Waterborne Toxics
These toxics were found in amounts above Median International Standards in fish and shellfish tissue taken from the Russian River watershed:
Chromium, a form of which is known to be a mammalian carcinogen, is especially toxic to salmon-like fish. Used in wood preservation and turf disease control, it also appears in agricultural and mine runoff and industrial discharge. It is present in high quantities in the natural environment.
Mercury, acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and hazardous to humans ingesting them, in coastal areas is present in natural cinnabar deposits and in cinnabar mine runoff.
Selenium, an essential trace mineral, becomes toxic to aquatic organisms and their predators as it oxidizes. As a pollutant, it has its source in agricultural runoff from petroleum-based fertilizers.
Also found:
Arsenic, a pesticide and known human carcinogen persistent in the environment, has in most cases been banned from use, but arsenic-based compounds which can convert to the more toxic form were in common use on grapes, landscaping, and right-of-ways, according to a late 1980 report. Arsenic appeared at elevated levels in samples from Lake Sonoma and the Petaluma River in 1992-93.
Chlordane, a pesticide and known carcinogen, was used to control termites until its prohibition in 1988.
Dieldrin, a known carcinogen, was widely used for termites and other insect control. It was severely restricted in 1974.
Nickel, a known human carcinogen, occurred in elevated levels in samples in the Russian River, Big Sulfur Creek, Sonoma Creek, the Estero Americano, and Mark West Creek as late as 1993. It can be found in acid mine waste and wastes from heavy fuel oil combustion and electroplating.
Lead, a human reproductive toxicant and source of two carcinogens, appears in dwindling concentrations; it had been a component of gasoline. It was found at elevated levels in samples from Mark West Creek in 1992-93.
Cadmium, a known human carcinogen, is often present in air pollution and in industrial and municipal wastewater.
DDE and DDT were banned from use in the US in the early 1970s for environmental persistence, adverse effects on wildlife, and potential carcinogenity. Elevated levels of DDT were found in samples in 1991.
Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane), a known carcinogen, was found at elevated levels in 1989 samples. It is a multi-purpose insecticide used primarily for structural pest control and landscape maintenance.
Chlorpyrifos, extremely toxic to fish, birds, and other wildlife, is widely used to kill insects in households, on ornamental plants, and on cattle; as well as for mosquito abatement.
Silver and zinc, both toxic to freshwater organisms, are widely used in industrial and commercial operations.
Copper, occurring in samples in concentrations above those known to bring about chronic poisoning in freshwater organisms, is found in mine runoff, industrial releases, and pesticides, and is used in algae control. Regional wastewater issuing into the river has carried elevated levels of copper, possibly drawn by acidic water from plumbing, according to wastewater operators.
Mentioned as appearing in contaminated groundwater:
Trihalomethanes include four types of methane compounds; among them, tricholormethane, or chloroform, is a carcinogen in animal studies, and a suspected carcinogen for humans.
TCE is carcinogenic to animals.
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